Risk factors of neural tube defects in a sample of iranian. Global burden of neural tube defects, risk factors, and. Explain the impact of folic acid supplementation on neural tube defect incidence. Incidence and risk factors of neural t ube defects in kashan, central iran table 1.
Finally, neural tube defects can be part of a genetic condition that has other features as well. Neural tube defects ntds, serious birth defects of the brain and spine usually resulting in death or paralysis, affect an estimated 300,000 births each year. Syndromes, disorders and maternal risk factors associated with. Dietary folate as a risk factor for neural tubedefects. Between the 17th and 30th day after conception or 4 to 6 weeks after the first day of a womans last menstrual period, the neural tube forms in the embryo developing baby and then closes. Maternal diabetes is a substantial risk factor for neural tube defects, and available evidence suggests that the mechanism that links hyperglycemia to neural tube defects involves oxidative stress. Magnitude of neural tube defects and associated risk. Surgery early in development has seen some success, but problems often remain. Association of maternal risk factors with the recent rise. However, the problem is complex and it is a cause for child mortality and morbidity. Neural tube defects are severe birth defects of the brain and spine. Pdf risk factors for neural tube defects in riyadh city. Parental recreational drug use and risk for neural tube.
The development and closure of the neural tube is completed in about 28 days. The epidemiological investigation of the common open neural tube defects. Researchers have known for the past two decades that maternal periconceptional use of the b vitamin folic acid can prevent many ntds. Up to 85 percent of neural tube defects can be prevented if women consume enough folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Pdf altitude as a risk factor for neural tube defects. Changes in other genes related to folate processing and genes involved in the development of the neural tube have also been studied as potential risk factors for anencephaly. Pdf risk factors associated with neural tube defects. Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in the placenta with the risk of neural tube defects aiguo rena,1,2, xinghua qiub,1, lei jina, jin mab, zhiwen lia, le zhanga, huiping zhuc, richard h. Risk factors related to neural tube defects family annual cash income, drug use in the first three months of conception, sex of the baby, prepregnancy bmi, and whether the pregnancy was planned or not were independent predictors of neural tube defects. If you have questions regarding your own situation, a genetic counselor may be able to help. While a shortage deficiency of this vitamin is an established risk factor for neural tube defects, there are many factors that can contribute to folate deficiency. Environmental exposures and genes, possible risk factors.
In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube. Human ntds are multifactorial, with contributions from both genetic and environmental factors. Neural tube defects ntds are birth defects that results from failure of. A number of demographic factors are asso ciated with the occurrence. Pdf global burden of neural tube defects, risk factors, and. Risk factors for neural tube defects in riyadh city, saudi arabia. They are a major cause of death and lifelong disability worldwide.
Maternal hyperthermia and the risk for neural tube defects in offspring. The risk factors of the neural tube defects ntd have been previously described but there are ethnic and geographical variations. Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in. Describe current prenatal screening for neural tube defects. Cdc urges all women of reproductive age to get 400 micrograms mcg of folic acid every day, in addition to consuming food with folate from a varied diet, to help prevent neural tube defects ntds. Unlike developing countries, including ethiopia the identification of the risk factors in decreasing the burden of neural tube defects ntds is well. Fetuses with neural tube defects ntds may be associated with maternal and fetal risk factors. Finnellc,d, and tong zhub,2 ainstitute of reproductive and child health and ministry of health key laboratory of reproductive health, peking university health science center, beijing. Nevertheless, the prevalence of neural tube defects varies widely and is particularly influenced by race, ethnicity, geographical area, and socioeconomic status frey and hauser, 2003. The continuing challenge of understanding, preventing, and. Neural tube defects belong to this category and are affecting millions all over the world. Neural tube defect ntd is a general term for a congenital malformation of the central nervous system occurring secondary to lack of closure of the neural tube 1 with a worldwide incidence ranging from 1. Variations in the cellular mechanisms of closure at various sites might also underlie the clinical variation in neural tube defects, as could differences in sensitivity to factors such as.
These conditions are usually congenital and arise from genetic defects in many cases. Introduction in embryos of chordates, including vertebrates, neural tube is an embryonic structure which is precursor of brain and spinal cord and forms its central nervous system. Maternal diabetes is a substantial risk factor for neural tube defects, and available evidence suggests that the mechanism that links hyperglycemia to neural tube defects. People having a familial history of these disorders are 510 times more likely to develop neural tube defects. Health providers are competent in the following areas. A populationbased casecontrol study of risk factors for neural tube defects in four highprevalence areas of shanxi province, china. Neural tube defects ntds may be associated with syndromes, disorders, and maternal and fetal risk factors. Associations of neural tube defects with drinking water source and contaminant classes. Recognized risk factors for neural tube defects ntds poorly predict populationlevel ntd risk.
A casecontrol study of neural tube defects and drinking. Women who have had a fetus diagnosed as affected by a neural tube defect ntd or. The accompanying appendices, provided on diskette, include sample materials. Which children are at risk for open neural tube defects. Neural tube defects ntds are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. Many different factors, including genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors, are known to play a role. Syndromes, disorders and maternal risk factors associated. Neural tube defects ntds, including spina bifida and anencephaly, are severe birth defects of the central nervous system that originate during embryonic development when the neural tube fails to close completely. Neural tube defects are caused by genes passed on from both parents and from environmental factors. Global prevention of neural tube defects public health. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant.
We also included established nonmodifiable risk factors female infant sex, family history of ntds in a first or seconddegree relative, and maternal hispanic ethnicity to fully estimate the proportion of ntd cases attributable to all established risk factors. Public health service recommended that all women of childbearing age capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily to prevent neural tube defects. Pdf incidence and risk factors of neural tube defects in. Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and spine. The epidemiology of neural tube defect ntd is face ignorance from the global community. The neural tube later becomes the babys spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull. Neural tube defect an overview sciencedirect topics. Risk factors, prenatal screening and diagnosis, and pregnancy management formulary drug information for this topic no drug references linked in this topic. A prevention model and resource guide demonstrates how you can design, develop, deliver, and evaluate a birth defects prevention program. Neural tube defects ntds are the most severe congenital malformations of the central nervous system. The main objective of this research was to determine maternal risk factors, the most common clinical presentations of neural tube defects. The genetic basis is not yet well understood, but several nongenetic risk factors. Neural tube defects ntds are severe birth defects, with genetic andor environmental risk factors. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly.
Other risk factors for neural tube defects are exposure to certain medications e. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesnt close completely. Neural tube defects ntds are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that may cause problems for your baby. Dietary folate as a risk factor for neuraltube defects. The authors investigated whether maternal or paternal periconceptional use of recreational drugs increased the risk of having neural tube defect ntdaffected pregnancies using a populationbased casecontrol study of fetuses and liveborn infants with ntds among 19891991 california births. Genetic risk factors for folateresponsive neural tube defects. We used chisquare test or fishers exact test to evaluate variations in the prevalence by selected covariates. Define the most common types of neural tube defects. Screening for neural tube defects including folic acidfolate prophylaxis, topic page. The objective of the current study was to investigate the ntds risk factors in a large sample of iranian patients admitted to a.
We provide the latest insights with respect to determinant factors of ntd. A populationbased casecontrol study of risk factors for. Risk factors of neural tube defects in northern iran. Proportion of neural tube defects attributable to known.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of association between risk factors and neural tube defects. Pdf on jan 1, 2017, rafal podgorski and others published neural tube defects. The etiology is complex, with both genetic and environmental factors having important. Neural tube defects ntds are congenital malformations of central nervous system caused by partial or complete failure of the neural tube closure, within 28 days of conception. To explore the risk factors for neural tube defects ntd in shenyang, we carried out a populationbased casecontrol study. Maternal risk factors associated with neural tube defects in tigray. Some of these factors include obesity, uncontrolled diabetes in the mother, and some prescription medicines. Neural tube defects ntds are among the most common, most costly, and most deadly of all human congenital anomalies whose etiologies remain largely unknown 1, 2.
Epidemiology of neural tube defects wiley online library. In the united states, for example, the risk for neural tube defects is higher for hispanics but lower for african americans. Poisson regression was used to quantify the association between spina bifida and cranial defects and maternal characteristics and other risk factors. Risk factors ntds more common in north america and uk. Global burden of neural tube defects, risk factors, and prevention. Sorry you are going through this most of the time neural tube defects or genetic issues happen to perfectly healthy and younger moms with no history. Neural tube defects account for one of the most common birth defects and are associated with a high mortality, morbidity and lifelong disability. We conducted a study of published work to evaluate the evidence for the hypothesis that environmental exposure and parental occupation are risk factors for neural tube defects. Diabetes and obesityrelated genes and the risk of neural.
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